You may wonder why anyone would try to use the word "fascism" in a
serious discussion of where America is today. It sounds like cheap
name-calling, or melodramatic allusion to a slew of old war movies. But I
am serious. I don't mean it as name-calling at all. I mean to persuade you
that the style of governing into which America has slid is most accurately
described as fascism, and that the necessary implications of this fact are
rightly regarded as terrifying. That's what I am about here. And even if I
don't persuade you, I hope to raise the level of your thinking about who
and where we are now, to add some nuance and perhaps some useful insights.
The
word comes from the Latin word "Fasces," denoting a
bundle of sticks tied together. The individual sticks represented citizens, and the bundle
represented the state. The message of this metaphor was that it was the
bundle that was significant, not the individual sticks. If it sounds
un-American, it's worth knowing that the Roman Fasces appear on the wall
behind the Speaker's podium in the chamber of the US House of Representatives.
Still, it's an unlikely word. When most people
hear the word "fascism" they may think of the racism and anti-Semitism of
Mussolini and Hitler. It is true that the use of force and the
scapegoating of fringe groups are part of every fascism. But there was
also an economic dimension of fascism, known in Europe during the 1920s
and '30s as "corporatism," which was an essential ingredient of
Mussolini's and Hitler's tyrannies. So-called corporatism was adopted in
Italy and Germany during the 1930s and was held up as a model by quite a
few intellectuals and policy makers in the United States and Europe.
As I mentioned a few weeks ago (in "The Corporation Will
Eat Your Soul"), Fortune magazine ran a cover story on Mussolini in 1934,
praising his fascism for its ability to break worker unions, disempower
workers and transfer huge sums of money to those who controlled the money
rather than those who earned it.
Few Americans are aware of or can
recall how so many Americans and Europeans viewed economic fascism as the
wave of the future during the 1930s. Yet reviewing our past may help shed
light on our present, and point the way to a better future. So I want to
begin by looking back to the last time fascism posed a serious threat to America.
In Sinclair Lewis's 1935 novel "It Can't Happen Here," a
conservative southern politician is helped to the presidency by a
nationally syndicated radio talk show host. The politician - Buzz Windrip
- runs his campaign on family values, the flag, and patriotism. Windrip
and the talk show host portray advocates of traditional American democracy
- those concerned with individual rights and freedoms - as anti-American.
That was 69 years ago.
One of the most outspoken American fascists
from the 1930s was economist Lawrence Dennis. In his 1936 book, The Coming
American Fascism - a coming which he anticipated and cheered - Dennis
declared that defenders of "18th-century Americanism" were sure to become
"the laughing stock of their own countrymen." The big stumbling block to
the development of economic fascism, Dennis bemoaned, was "liberal norms
of law or constitutional guarantees of private rights."
So it is important for us to recognize that, as an economic system, fascism was
widely accepted in the 1920s and '30s, and nearly worshiped by some
powerful American industrialists. And fascism has always, and explicitly,
been opposed to liberalism of all kinds.
Mussolini, who helped create modern fascism, viewed liberal ideas as the enemy. "The
Fascist conception of life," he wrote, "stresses the importance of the State and
accepts the individual only in so far as his interests coincide with the
State. It is opposed to classical liberalism [which] denied the State in
the name of the individual; Fascism reasserts the rights of the State as
expressing the real essence of the individual." (In 1932 Mussolini wrote,
with the help of Giovanni Gentile, an entry for the Italian Encyclopedia
on the definition of fascism. You can read the whole entry at
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/mussolini-fascism.html)
Mussolini thought it was unnatural for a government to protect individual rights:
The essence of fascism, he believed, is that government should be the
master, not the servant, of the people.
Still, fascism is a word that is completely foreign to most of us. We need
to know what it is, and how we can know it when we see it.
In an essay coyly titled
"Fascism Anyone?," Dr. Lawrence Britt, a political scientist, identifies
social and political agendas common to fascist regimes. His comparisons of
Hitler, Mussolini, Franco, Suharto, and Pinochet yielded this list of 14
"identifying characteristics of fascism." (The following article is from
Free
Inquiry magazine, Volume 23, Number 2) See how familiar they sound.
Powerful and Continuing Nationalism
Fascist regimes tend to
make constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, and other
paraphernalia. Flags are seen everywhere, as are flag symbols on clothing
and in public displays.
Disdain for the Recognition of Human
Rights
Because of fear of enemies and the need for security, the people
in fascist regimes are persuaded that human rights can be ignored in
certain cases because of "need." The people tend to look the other way or
even approve of torture, summary executions, assassinations, long
incarcerations of prisoners, etc.
Identification of
Enemies/Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause
The people are rallied into a
unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common
threat or foe: racial, ethnic or religious minorities; liberals;
communists; socialists, terrorists, etc.
Supremacy of the
Military
Even when there are widespread domestic problems, the military
is given a disproportionate amount of government funding, and the domestic
agenda is neglected. Soldiers and military service are glamorized.
Rampant Sexism
The governments of fascist nations
tend to be almost exclusively male-dominated. Under fascist regimes,
traditional gender roles are made more rigid. Opposition to abortion is
high, as is homophobia and anti-gay legislation and national policy.
Controlled Mass Media
Sometimes the media are
directly controlled by the government, but in other cases, the media are
indirectly controlled by government regulation, or sympathetic media
spokespeople and executives. Censorship, especially in war time, is very common.
Obsession with National Security
Fear is used as a
motivational tool by the government over the masses.
Religion and Government are Intertwined
Governments in fascist nations tend to
use the most common religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public
opinion. Religious rhetoric and terminology is common from government
leaders, even when the major tenets of the religion are diametrically
opposed to the government's policies or actions.
Corporate Power
is Protected
The industrial and business aristocracy of a fascist
nation often are the ones who put the government leaders into power,
creating a mutually beneficial business/government relationship and power elite.
Labor Power is Suppressed
Because the organizing
power of labor is the only real threat to a fascist government, labor
unions are either eliminated entirely, or are severely suppressed.
Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts
Fascist
nations tend to promote and tolerate open hostility to higher education,
and academia. It is not uncommon for professors and other academics to be
censored or even arrested. Free expression in the arts is openly attacked,
and governments often refuse to fund the arts.
Obsession with
Crime and Punishment
Under fascist regimes, the police are given almost
limitless power to enforce laws. The people are often willing to overlook
police abuses and even forego civil liberties in the name of patriotism.
There is often a national police force with virtually unlimited power in
fascist nations.
Rampant Cronyism and Corruption
Fascist
regimes almost always are governed by groups of friends and associates who
appoint each other to government positions and use governmental power and
authority to protect their friends from accountability. It is not uncommon
in fascist regimes for national resources and even treasures to be
appropriated or even outright stolen by government leaders.
Fraudulent Elections
Sometimes elections in fascist nations are a
complete sham. Other times elections are manipulated by smear campaigns
against or even assassination of opposition candidates, use of legislation
to control voting numbers or political district boundaries, and
manipulation of the media. Fascist nations also typically use their
judiciaries to manipulate or control elections.
This list will be familiar to students of political science. But it
should be familiar to students of religion as well, for much of it mirrors
the social and political agenda of religious fundamentalisms worldwide. It
is both accurate and helpful for us to understand fundamentalism as
religious fascism, and fascism as political fundamentalism. They both come
from very primitive parts of us that have always been the default setting
of our species: amity toward our in-group, enmity toward out-groups,
hierarchical deference to alpha male figures, a powerful identification
with our territory, and so forth. It is that brutal default setting that
all civilizations have tried to raise us above, but it is always a fragile
thing, civilization, and has to be achieved over and over and over again.
But, again, this is not America's first encounter with fascism.
In early 1944, the New York Times asked Vice President
Henry Wallace to, as Wallace noted, "write a piece answering the following
questions: What is a fascist? How many fascists have we? How dangerous are they?"
Vice President Wallace's answer to those questions was
published in The New York Times on April 9, 1944, at the height of the war
against the Axis powers of Germany and Japan. See how much you think his
statements apply to our society today.
"The really dangerous
American fascist," Wallace wrote, " - is the man who wants to do in the
United States in an American way what Hitler did in Germany in a Prussian
way. The American fascist would prefer not to use violence. His method is
to poison the channels of public information. With a fascist the problem
is never how best to present the truth to the public but how best to use
the news to deceive the public into giving the fascist and his group more
money or more power."
In his strongest indictment of the tide of
fascism he saw rising in America, Wallace added, "They claim to be
super-patriots, but they would destroy every liberty guaranteed by the
Constitution. They demand free enterprise, but are the spokesmen for
monopoly and vested interest. Their final objective toward which all their
deceit is directed is to capture political power so that, using the power
of the state and the power of the market simultaneously, they may keep the
common man in eternal subjection." By these standards, a few of today's
weapons for keeping the common people in eternal subjection include NAFTA,
the World Trade Organization, union-busting, cutting worker benefits while
increasing CEO pay, elimination of worker benefits, security and pensions,
rapacious credit card interest, and outsourcing of jobs - not to mention
the largest prison system in the world.
The Perfect Storm
Our current descent into fascism came about through a kind of "Perfect Storm,"
a confluence of three unrelated but mutually supportive schools of thought.
The first stream of thought was the imperialistic dream of the
Project for the New American Century. I don't believe anyone can
understand the past four years without reading the Project for the New
American Century, published in September 2000 and authored by many who
have been prominent players in the Bush administrations, including Cheney,
Rumsfleid, Wolfowitz, Richard Perle and Donald Kagan to name only a few.
This report saw the fall of Communism as a call for America to become the
military rulers of the world, to establish a new worldwide empire. They
spelled out the military enhancements we would need, then noted, sadly,
that these wonderful plans would take a long time, unless there could be a
catastrophic and catalyzing event like a new Pearl Harbor that would let
the leaders turn America into a military and militarist country. There was
no clear interest in religion in this report, and no clear concern with
local economic policies.
A second powerful stream must be
credited to Pat Robertson and his Christian Reconstructionists, or
Dominionists. Long dismissed by most of us as a screwball, the Dominionist
style of Christianity which he has been preaching since the early 1980s is
now the most powerful religious voice in the Bush administration.
Katherine Yurica, who transcribed over 1300 pages
of interviews from Pat Robertson's "700 Club" shows in the 1980s, has
shown how Robertson and his chosen guests consistently, openly and
passionately argued that America must become a theocracy under the control
of Christian Dominionists. Robertson is on record saying democracy is a
terrible form of government unless it is run by his kind of Christians. He
also rails constantly against taxing the rich, against public education,
social programs and welfare - and prefers Deuteronomy 28 over the
teachings of Jesus. He is clear that women must remain homebound as
obedient servants of men, and that abortions, like homosexuals, should not
be allowed. Robertson has also been clear that other kinds of Christians,
including Episcopalians and Presbyterians, are enemies of Christ. (The Yurica Report.
Search under this name, or for "Despoiling America" by Katherine Yurica on the internet.)
The third major component of this Perfect Storm
has been the desire of very wealthy Americans and corporate CEOs for a
plutocracy that will favor profits by the very rich and disempowerment of
the vast majority of American workers, the destruction of workers' unions,
and the alliance of government to help achieve these greedy goals. It is a
condition some have called socialism for the rich, capitalism for the
poor, and which others recognize as a reincarnation of Social Darwinism.
This strain of thought has been present throughout American history.
Seventy years ago, they tried to finance a military coup to replace
Franlkin Delano Roosevelt and establish General Smedley Butler as a
fascist dictator in 1934. Fortunately, the picked a general who really was
a patriot; he refused, reported the scheme, and spoke and wrote about it.
As Canadian law professor Joel Bakan wrote in the book and movie "The
Corporation," they have now achieved their coup without firing a shot.
Our plutocrats have had no particular interest in religion. Their
global interests are with an imperialist empire, and their domestic goals
are in undoing all the New Deal reforms of Franklin Delano Roosevelt that
enabled the rise of America's middle class after WWII.
Another ill wind in this Perfect Storm is more important than its crudity might
suggest: it was President Clinton's sleazy sex with a young but eager
intern in the White House. This incident, and Clinton's equally sleazy
lying about it, focused the certainties of conservatives on the fact that
"liberals" had neither moral compass nor moral concern, and therefore
represented a dangerous threat to the moral fiber of America. While the
effects of this may be hard to quantify, I think they were profound.
These "storm" components have no necessary connection,
and come from different groups of thinkers, many of whom wouldn't even
like one another. But together, they form a nearly complete web of command
and control, which has finally gained control of America and, they hope, of the world.
What's coming
When all fascisms exhibit the same
social and political agendas (the 14 points listed by Britt), then it is
not hard to predict where a new fascist uprising will lead. And it is not
hard. The actions of fascists and the social and political effects of
fascism and fundamentalism are clear and sobering. Here is some of what's
coming, what will be happening in our country in the next few years:
The theft of all social security funds, to be transferred to those
who control money, and the increasing destitution of all those dependent
on social security and social welfare programs.
Rising numbers of uninsured people in this country that already has the highest percentage
of citizens without health insurance in the developed world.
Increased loss of funding for public education combined with increased
support for vouchers, urging Americans to entrust their children's education to Christian schools.
More restrictions on civil liberties as America is turned into the police state necessary
for fascism to work.
Withdrawal of virtually all funding for National Public
Radio and the Public Broadcasting System. At their best, these media
sometimes encourage critical questioning, so they are correctly seen as
enemies of the state's official stories.
The reinstatement of a
draft, from which the children of privileged parents will again be mostly
exempt, leaving our poorest children to fight and die in wars of
imperialism and greed that could never benefit them anyway. (That was my
one-sentence Veterans' Day sermon for this year.)
More imperialistic invasions: of Iran and others, and the construction of a
huge permanent embassy in Iraq.
More restrictions on speech, under the flag of national security.
Control of the internet to remove or
cripple it as an instrument of free communication that is exempt from
government control. This will be presented as a necessary anti-terrorist measure.
Efforts to remove the tax-exempt status of churches like
this one, and to characterize them as anti-American.
Tighter control of the editorial bias of almost all media, and demonization of the
few media they are unable to control -- the New York Times, for instance.
Continued outsourcing of jobs, including more
white-collar jobs, to produce greater profits for those who control the
money and direct the society, while simultaneously reducing America's
workers to a more desperate and powerless status.
Moves in the banking industry to make it impossible for an increasing number of
Americans to own their homes. As they did in the 1930s, those who control
the money know that it is to their advantage and profit to keep others renting rather than owning.
Criminalization of those who protest,
as un-American, with arrests, detentions and harassment increasing. We
already have a higher percentage of our citizens in prison than any other
country in the world. That percentage will increase.
In the near future, it will be illegal or at least dangerous to say the things I have
said here this morning. In the fascist story, these things are
un-American. In the real history of a democratic America, they were seen
as profoundly patriotic, as the kind of critical questions that kept the
American spirit alive - the kind of questions, incidentally, that our
media were supposed to be pressing.
Can these schemes work? I don't think so. I think they are murderous,
rapacious and insane. But I don't know. Maybe they can. Similar schemes
have worked in countries like Chile, where a democracy in which over 90%
voted has been reduced to one in which only about 20% vote because they
say, as Americans are learning to say, that it no longer matters who you vote for.
Hope
In the meantime, is there any hope, or do we just
band together like lemmings and dive off a cliff? Yes, there is always
hope, though at times it is more hidden, as it is now.
As some critics are now saying, and as I have been preaching and writing for
almost twenty years, America's liberals need to grow beyond political
liberalism, with its often self-absorbed focus on individual rights to the
exclusion of individual responsibilities to the larger society. Liberals
will have to construct a more complete vision with moral and religious
grounding. That does not mean confessional Christianity. It means the
legitimate heir to Christianity. Such a legitimate heir need not be a
religion, though it must have clear moral power, and be able to attract
the minds and hearts of a voting majority of Americans.
And the new liberal vision must be larger than that of the conservative religious
vision that will be appointing judges, writing laws and bending the
cultural norms toward hatred and exclusion for the foreseeable future. The
conservatives deserve a lot of admiration. They have spent the last thirty
years studying American politics, forming their vision and learning how to
gain control in the political system. And it worked; they have won. Even
if liberals can develop a bigger vision, they still have all that
time-consuming work to do. It won't be fast. It isn't even clear that
liberals will be willing to do it; they may instead prefer to go down with
the ship they're used to.
One man who has been tireless in his
investigations and critiques of America's slide into fascism is Michael C.
Ruppert, whose postings usually read as though he is wound way too tight.
But he offers four pieces of advice about what we can do now, and they
seem reality-based enough to pass on to you. This is America; they're all about money:
First, he says you should get out of debt.
Second is to spend your money and time on things that give you energy
and provide you with useful information.
Third is to stop spending a penny with
major banks, news media and corporations that feed you lies and leave you
angry and exhausted.
And fourth is to learn how money works and use it like a (political) weapon
- as he predicts the rest of the world will be doing against us.
[from http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/110504_snap_out.shtml]
That's advice written this week. Another bit of advice comes from sixty years
ago, from Roosevelt's Vice President, Henry Wallace. Wallace said,
"Democracy, to crush fascism internally, must...develop the ability to
keep people fully employed and at the same time balance the budget. It
must put human beings first and dollars second. It must appeal to reason
and decency and not to violence and deceit. We must not tolerate
oppressive government or industrial oligarchy in the form of monopolies and cartels."
Still another way to understand fascism is as a kind
of colonization. A simple definition of "colonization" is that it takes
people's stories away, and assigns them supportive roles in stories that
empower others at their expense. When you are taxed to support a
government that uses you as a means to serve the ends of others, you are -
ironically - in a state of taxation without representation. That's where
this country started, and it's where we are now.
I don't know the next step. I'm not a political activist; I'm only a preacher. But whatever
you do, whatever we do, I hope that we can remember some very basic things
that I think of as eternally true. One is that the vast majority of people
are good decent people who mean and do as well as they know how. Very few
people are evil, though some are. But we all live in families where some
of our blood relatives support things we hate. I believe they mean well,
and the way to rebuild broken bridges is through greater understanding,
compassion, and a reality-based story that is more inclusive and
empowering for the vast majority of us.
Those who want to live in a
reality-based story rather than as serfs in an ideology designed to
transfer power, possibility and hope to a small ruling elite have much
long and hard work to do, individually and collectively. It will not be
either easy or quick.
But we will do it. We will go forward in hope
and in courage. Let us seek that better path, and find the courage to take
it - step, by step, by step.
Davidson Loehr, November 2004
